June 2010 (#175):

• Mailbag
• 2-Cent Tips
• News Bytes, by Deividson Luiz Okopnik and Howard Dyckoff
• NAT routing with a faulty uplink, by Silas Brown
• Away Mission - Upcoming in June: SemTech, USENIX, OPS Camp, by Howard Dyckoff
• OPS Camp and DevOps Days - coming in June, by Howard Dyckoff
• Pixie Chronicles: Part 3 PXE boot, by Henry Grebler
• Maemo vs Android, by Jeff Hoogland
• Hacking RPMs with rpmrebuild, 2nd Edition, by Anderson Silva
• HelpDex, by Shane Collinge
• Ecol, by Javier Malonda
• XKCD, by Randall Munroe
• Doomed to Obscurity, by Pete Trbovich

Mailbag

This month's answers created by:

Our Mailbag

Testing new anti-spam system, news at 11.0.0.0

Ben Okopnik [ben at linuxgazette.net]

Hi, all -

I'm currently trying out a new anti-spam regime on my machine; it's a sea-change from what I've been trying up until now (SpamAssassin, etc.) I'm tired of "enumerating badness" - i.e., trying to figure out who the Bad Guys are and block them. Instead, I've hacked up a procmail-based challenge-and-response system.

The operation of this gadget isn't all that complicated:

0) Copy all emails to a backup mailbox.
1) Archive mail from any of my bots, list-reminders, etc.
2) Deliver mail from any lists I'm on.
3) Dump any blacklisted senders.
4) Deliver any whitelisted ones.
5) Check headers to see if it's actually from me; deliver if so...
6) ...and dump any remaining email purporting to be from me into /dev/null.
7) Mail that doesn't fit the above criteria gets held and the sender is
notified of this. If they respond to this verification message, they
automatically get added to the whitelist. Held email automatically get
dumped when it's a month old.

So far, over the past few hours since I've implemented this, it seems to be working fine: zero spam (once I tuned #5/#6 a little more), and the valid messages seem to be coming through just fine. I'm still watching it carefully to make sure it doesn't blow up in some odd way, but so far, so good.

In about a month - depending on where I am and a number of other factors - I just might write this up. Having to manually go through and delete 500-1500 emails per day... I'm just totally over that.

-- * Ben Okopnik * Editor-in-Chief, Linux Gazette * http://LinuxGazette.NET *

[ Thread continues here (16 messages/26.58kB) ]

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2-Cent Tips

2-cent tip: A safer 'rm'

Ben Okopnik [ben at linuxgazette.net]

----- Forwarded message from "Silas S. Brown" <ssb22 at cam.ac.uk> -----

If you've ever tried to delete Emacs backup files with

rm *~

(i.e. remove anything ending with ~), but you accidentally hit Enter before the ~ and did "rm *", you might want to put this in your .bashrc and .bash_profile :

function rm () { if test "a $*" == "a $(echo *)"; then echo "If you really meant that, say -f" else /bin/rm $@; fi }

That way, typing "rm *" will give you a message telling you to use the -f flag if you really meant it, but any other rm command will work. (The "a" in the test is to ensure that any options for "rm" are not read as options for "test".)

(It's also possible to alias rm to rm -i, but that's more annoying as it prompts EVERY time, which is likely to make you habitually type -f and that could be a bad thing.)

Silas

----- End forwarded message -----

[ Thread continues here (8 messages/14.88kB) ]

2-cent Tip: Message splitter

Ben Okopnik [ben at linuxgazette.net]

Once in a while, I need to split a mailbox (a.k.a. an mbox-formatted file) into individual messages. This time, I've come up with a solution that's going to go into my "standard solutions" file; it works well, and saves the messages in zero-padded numerical filenames, so that they're even properly sorted in the filesystem. Enjoy!

awk '{if (/^From /) f=sprintf("%03d",++a);print>>f}' mail_file

-- * Ben Okopnik * Editor-in-Chief, Linux Gazette * http://LinuxGazette.NET *

2 cent tip: Screenshot with a pull-down menu

Prof. Partha [profdrpartha at gmail.com]

You can do it with our good old GIMP. Go to the screen you want, click and get that drop down menu. Launch GIMP. The go to File > Acquire > Screenshot. Set delay to, say, 10 sec. Minimise GIMP and bring up the screen with your desired pull down menu. GIMP will make a snapshot of the screen in 10 sec.

I have uploaded a screen shot made this way, just for you to check out if this is what you want. See http://www.profpartha.webs.com/snap2.jpg .

Have fun.

-- 
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Dr. S. Parthasarathy              |   mailto:profdrpartha at gmail.com
Algologic Research & Solutions    |
78 Sancharpuri Colony, Bowenpally |   Phone: + 91 - 40 - 2775 1650
Secunderabad 500 011 - INDIA      |
WWW-URL:
http://algolog.tripod.com/nupartha.htm
http://www.profpartha.webs.com/
-------------------------------------------------------------------

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News Bytes

By Deividson Luiz Okopnik and Howard Dyckoff

Contents: News in General Conferences and Events Distro News Software and Product News

Selected and Edited by Deividson Okopnik

Please submit your News Bytes items in plain text; other formats may be rejected without reading. [You have been warned!] A one- or two-paragraph summary plus a URL has a much higher chance of being published than an entire press release. Submit items to bytes@linuxgazette.net. Deividson can also be reached via twitter.

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Howard Dyckoff is a long term IT professional with primary experience at Fortune 100 and 200 firms. Before his IT career, he worked for Aviation Week and Space Technology magazine and before that used to edit SkyCom, a newsletter for astronomers and rocketeers. He hails from the Republic of Brooklyn [and Polytechnic Institute] and now, after several trips to Himalayan mountain tops, resides in the SF Bay Area with a large book collection and several pet rocks.

NAT routing with a faulty uplink

By Silas Brown

Faulty uplinks are common, especially if you are using a UMTS (or GPRS) modem over a mobile phone network. In some cases pppd will automatically re-establish the connection whenever it goes down, but if it doesn't you can run a script like this:

export GoogleIp=74.125.127.100
while true; do
  if ! ping -s 0 -c 1 -w 5 $GoogleIp >/dev/null
  && ! ping -s 0 -c 1 -w 5 $GoogleIp >/dev/null
  && ! ping -s 0 -c 1 -w 5 $GoogleIp >/dev/null
  && ! ping -s 0 -c 1 -w 5 $GoogleIp >/dev/null; then
    echo "Gone down for more than 20secs, restarting"
    killall pppd ; sleep 1 ; killall -9 pppd ; sleep 5
    # TODO restart pppd here; give it time to start
  fi
  sleep 10
done

Each ping command send a single empty ICMP packet to Google and waits up to 5 seconds for a response. Four failures in a row mean the connection is probably broken so we restart pppd. I use a more complex version of this script which, if it cannot get connectivity back by restarting pppd, will play a voice alert over the speakers (as there is no display on the router machine); the message asks for the modem to be physically reset. (This message is in Chinese because that's what I'm learning; it tends to surprise anyone who's visiting me at the time. See An NSLU2 (Slug) reminder server in LG #141.)

NAT

Many Linux administrators will be familiar with how to set up a NAT router using iptables, for connecting other computers on a local network to the outside world. NAT (Network Address Translation) will not only forward outgoing IP packets from any of your computers, but will also keep track of the virtual connections that these packets are making, so it knows which computer to forward the replies to when they arrive. The basic way to set up NAT is:

modprobe iptable_nat
iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
iptables -t nat -F POSTROUTING
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j MASQUERADE

However, there is a problem with this basic NAT setup: It doesn't cope at all well if the uplink to the outside world has to change its IP address.

Stuck connections

If the uplink is broken and re-established, but one of your other computers continues to send IP packets on a previously-opened connection, then the kernel's NAT system will try to forward those packets using the same source port and IP address as it had done before the uplink failed, and this is not likely to work. Even in the unlikely event that pppd acquired the same IP address as before, the ISP's router might still have forgotten enough of the state to break the connections. One simply cannot assume that already-open connections can continue to be used after a modem link has been re-established.

The problem is, there may be nothing to tell the applications running on your other computers that their individual connections need to be dropped and re-established. Applications on the same computer stand a chance because the operating system can automatically cut their connections when the interface (ppp) goes down, but it's not so easy to tell other computers about what just happened to the interface. Should any of them try to continue sending IP packets on an old connection, the packets will be faithfully forwarded by NAT using the old settings, and probably get nowhere. In the best case, some upstream router will reply with an ICMP Reject packet which will tell the application something has gone wrong, but more often than not the packets simply get lost, and your application will continue to hold onto the opened connection until it reaches its timeout, which could take very many minutes. (One example of an application where this is annoying is the Pidgin instant messaging client. It may look like you're online and ready to receive messages from your contacts, but those messages won't reach you because Pidgin is holding onto an old connection that it should have discarded when your uplink was renewed.)

Clearing the connections

Ideally, it would be nice if the NAT router could, as soon as the connection is renewed, send a TCP "reset" (RST) packet on all open TCP connections of all your computers, telling them straight away that these old connections are no longer useful. Unfortunately, this is not practical because to send a reset packet you need to know the current TCP "sequence number" of each connection, and that information is not normally stored by the NAT lookup tables because NAT doesn't need it for normal operation. (It is possible to flood your local network with thousands of reset packets on all possible sequence numbers, for example by using a packet-manipulation library like Perl's Net::RawIP or a modified version of the apsend script that uses it, but it takes far too long to go through all the sequence numbers.)

Unless you patch the kernel to make NAT store the sequence number, the best you can hope for is to send a reset packet the next time an outgoing IP packet from the old connection is seen going through your router. This is normally soon enough, as most applications will at least have some kind of "keep-alive" mechanism that periodically checks the connection by sending something on it.

Here is the modified NAT setup script. Besides iptables, you will need a program called conntrack which is normally available as a package.

modprobe iptable_nat
iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
iptables -F FORWARD
iptables -A FORWARD -m conntrack --ctstate ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp --syn -j ACCEPT
iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
conntrack -F
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
iptables -t nat -F POSTROUTING
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j MASQUERADE

The conntrack -F command tells the kernel to flush (i.e. clear) its connection-tracking tables, so it doesn't know about old connections anymore. That by itself is not enough, however, since any further attempt to send IP packets on these old connections will cause NAT to add them back into its tables and the packets will still be forwarded; this time they probably will reach the remote server, but it won't recognise them because they'll be coming from a different source port (and probably a different IP address), and if it's not very nice (as many servers aren't because they have to live in a big bad world where people launch denial-of-service attacks), it won't bother to respond to these stray packets with ICMP rejections, so your application still won't know any better.

Therefore, as well as flushing the connection-tracking tables, we add some filtering rules to the FORWARD queue that tell the kernel to reject any attempt to send TCP packets, unless it's either making a new connection (SYN set), or it's on a connection that we know about. (Note that we do have to specify that a new TCP connection is one that has SYN set; we can't use the NEW criterion in iptables' conntrack module, because that will say it's new if it's part of an old connection that just isn't in the table. For the same reason, we can't use conntrack's INVALID criterion here.) If the IP packet is not from an established connection that we know about, then it's probably from a connection that existed before we flushed the tables, so we reply to it with a reset packet, which should cause the application to realise that this connection is no longer working and it should try to make a new one. (Pidgin will actually prompt the user about this, but if it's left unattended then after a short time it will answer its own question automatically and reconnect.)

Non-TCP packets (UDP etc) are not affected by this filter, because it would be very hard to determine accurately whether they're part of an old "connection" or a new one. (It's also not possible to send a "reset" packet outside of TCP, although an ICMP rejection can still be generated. For TCP connections I'm using reset rather than ICMP-reject because reset seems to have a more immediate effect, although I haven't proved that properly.) Thankfully, most Internet applications (particularly the ones that are likely to run unattended) use TCP at least for their main connections, so TCP is probably all we need to concern ourselves with here.

All that remains is to arrange for the above NAT script to be re-run whenever pppd is restarted. That's why it includes the iptables -F instructions to clear the IP tables before adding rules to them; if you always start by clearing the table then running the script multiple times will not cause the tables to become cluttered with more and more duplicate rules.

Et tu, ISP?

In conclusion I'd like to hazard a guess about some of the cases of "stuck SSH sessions" that happen even when the uplink in general seems to be working. Sometimes it seems that new connections work but old connections are frozen, although nothing ever happened to the uplink (it's still running and was not restarted). I wonder if in this case some NAT box at the ISP simply forgot its association table, and has not been configured to send reset packets as above.

Of course I do set ServerAliveInterval in my ~/.ssh/config to make sure that any idle SSH sessions I have will periodically send traffic to keep reminding the ISP's NAT boxes I'm still here so please don't discard my table entry yet. I use the line ServerAliveInterval 200 in ~/.ssh/config for this.

But sometimes a session can still hang permanently, even while I'm actively using it, and I have to close its window or press ~. to quit it, although at the same time any new connections I make work just fine. Perhaps this happens when some event at the ISP causes a NAT box to forget its translation table ahead of schedule. It would be nice if they could use a script like the above to kindly send their customers TCP-reset packets when this happens, so we're not just left hanging there.

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Silas Brown is a legally blind computer scientist based in Cambridge UK. He has been using heavily-customised versions of Debian Linux since 1999.

Away Mission - Upcoming in June: SemTech, USENIX, OPS Camp

By Howard Dyckoff

This year, the Semantic Technology conference initiates a long week of overlapping events. Since its hard to jump across the US in a single week, you may have to select a single venue.

Semantic Technology, or SemTech, is moving from San Jose to San Francisco, a cooler clime this time of year. I am looking forward to the change of venue since it saves me from early morning commutes into Silicon Valley. Unless you live in the Valley, this should make it easier to visit SemTech, which is one of the better events to view the state of smart web technology.

Now in its sixth year, SemTech 2010 features five days of presentations, panels, tutorials, announcements, and product launches. The focus this year seems to be on the adoption of Semantic Tech by the government for Open Government and transparency initiatives as well as business uptake in a variety of industries. Among the keynote speakers, Dean Allemang, Chief Technology Consultant at TopQuadrant will speak on the Semantic Web for the Working Enterprise.

SemTech is run by Wilshire Conferences, which also organizes the Enterprise Data World Conference and the annual Data Governance Conference as well as the Semantic Universe publication.

The USENIX Annual Technical Conference comes to Boston the same week and it shares the site with many sub-conferences such as WebApps '10, a new technical conference on all aspects of developing and deploying Web applications. Also happening under the Federated Conferences banner is the 1st USENIX Cloud Virtualization Summit and an Android Developer lab. That's almost enough to make me travel 3000 miles to check it out. Although USENIX events tend to be academically-oriented, they also present the very latest in research and innovation. Its well worth the trip if you live on the Eastern seaboard.

OPS Camp comes to Seattle the same week and Atlanta the week before. Please see the other Away Mission article on OPS Camp and the DevOps Day USA conference on June 25, 2010 in Mountain View, CA. Its all about adding state-of-the-art software engineering technology to Operations and Infrastructure management.

Unfortunately, I will not be recommending the Velocity Conference as O'Reilly has blocked my attendance there and at other O'Reilly events. But the DevOps Day following that conference will probably discuss the ideas presented there and that is a free event. Sign up early so you won't be disappointed.

Finally, the following week brings Cisco Live! to Las Vegas. Since Cisco is building server racks and expanding its Data Center offerings, this is another important IT event. Fortunately, you can get some of the content streamed over the web if you register early. This requires advanced registration as a "Guest".

So pick an event or two, and enjoy the summer.

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Howard Dyckoff is a long term IT professional with primary experience at Fortune 100 and 200 firms. Before his IT career, he worked for Aviation Week and Space Technology magazine and before that used to edit SkyCom, a newsletter for astronomers and rocketeers. He hails from the Republic of Brooklyn [and Polytechnic Institute] and now, after several trips to Himalayan mountain tops, resides in the SF Bay Area with a large book collection and several pet rocks.

OPS Camp and DevOps Days - coming in June

By Howard Dyckoff

Imagine that all the sysadmin and operations scripts and configuration files at your data center were organized, rationalized, and set up in a separate test environment. Imagine you could test changes in an automated build process. If you can do this, you are a long way toward the goals of the new Dev Ops or Ops Code movement which wants to abstract infrastructure and treat it as code.

I attended OPS Camp San Francisco on May 15, 2010, the 3rd OPS Camp event out of the 5 currently planned for this year. There were about 100 people there and they were focused on making Operations more like software engineering.

The first OPS Camp was held in Austin in January and a follow-up OPS Camp was held in Boston in April. Two more are planned for June and more are likely in the Fall. There is also a separate DevOps Day in Mountain View, making for 3 separate events this month. (see below)

Part of the impetus behind OPS Camp is to hold discussions on OPS end of Cloud Computing without the snake oil and hype or the 50,000-foot overview slides. Private clouds require the rapid deployment and management of many standardized components. The Dev part of this means employing the tools and techniques of software developers: continuous builds, test automation, version control, Agile techniques.

Another way to think about this is to bridge the differences between new Development and the stability (and reproducibility) of Operations, a classic dichotomy.

The point is perhaps best summarized by Ernest Mueller, who blogs on Dev OPS ideas: "... system administration and system administrators have allowed themselves to lag in maturity behind what the state of the art is." DevOps is about bringing operations into the 21st Century.

Attending the San Francisco event were some of the people behind Puppet and Chef and also several local startups in the Operations sphere. Luke Kanies, the creator of Puppet, for example, seems to be attending all of the OPS Camp events. I had a great conversation with Lee Thompson, who co-leads the on-going DevOps Tool Chain Project that was described at an afternoon session, and also seems to be attending most of the DevOps events. And here is information about the project: http://dev2ops.org/toolchain/

Another key DevOps person and an organizer of the camps is Damon Edwards who blogs at dev2ops. Here is an excerpt from his blog on the DevOps handle: (http://dev2ops.org/blog/2010/2/22/what-is-devops.html)

Why the name "DevOps"?

Probably because it's catchy. It's also a good mental image of the concept at the widest scale -- when you bring Dev and Ops together you get DevOps. There has been other terms for this idea, such as Agile Operations, Agile Infrastructure, and Dev2Ops (a term we've been using on this blog since 2007). There is also plenty of examples of people arriving at the idea of DevOps on their own, without calling it "DevOps". For an excellent example of this, read this recent post by Ernest Mueller (http://www.webadminblog.com/index.php/2010/02/17/agile-operations/) or watch John Allspaw and John Hammond's seminal presentation "10+ Deploys Per Day: Dev and Ops Cooperation at Flickr" from Velocity 2009 (http://velocityconference.blip.tv/file/2284377/).

For better or for worse, DevOps seems to be the name that is catching people's imaginations.

The SF event took place in an open loft space with bare beam ceilings in the same building that housed Bitnami. This was in the shadow of San Francisco's Giants Stadium on a game day, so parking was an effort. I had to park 7 blocks away and that was before the 9am start time. On the other hand, I could have bought a scalped ticket and gone to the game instead of the afternoon sessions.

There was good WiFi and lots of daisy-chained power cords. We sat on folding chairs, but in other respects this was a good space with the right amenities.

The sponsors provided cinnamon rolls and empanadas as registration period snacks, and provided sandwiches and pizza for lunch, and there was plenty of coffee.

The format mixed things up a bit. There was an intro to the OPS Camp format, then a round of 5 minute lightning talks (some of which I wish were 7 minutes). These included presenters from VMware, rPath, OpsCode, and other companies in the operations space. As an example, James Watters, Senior Manager of Cloud Solutions at VMware, doesn't like the "per VM" scaling model now in use and also spoke about bypassing the 80 Mb/sec data transfer limit on EC2 at Amazon. That got the audience's interest, but discussions are only allowed in the main sessions which were later.

So far, the slide decks haven't surfaced at the OPS Camp web site.

Then there was an informal UnPanel with some participants being drafted by the organizers. These were people with skin in the Operations game who spoke about their take on the DevOps concept and leading issues. One of the organizers mentioned going to Cloud Camp and hearing from business types that Cloud Computing could do away with system administration and local IT departments. "Not so", he said, the sysadmin function was changing and IT departments had to adapt to a wild new world.

Then, volunteer presenters listed their topics and explained what the sessions would be about. After that, all attendees voted on the list and the rooms and times were allocated.

There were good discussions all around and I gleaned that several people were combining cfEngine with Subversion for a partial DevOps solution. For large or complex environments, though, there was a need to choreograph or sequence the infrastructure build process - and this is an area where the DevOps Tool Chain may shine.

Be sure to join in the DevOps conversation at the upcoming OPS Camp or the DevOps Day USA conference on June 25, 2010 in Mountain View, CA. It's the day after O'Reilly's Velocity 2010 conference. Here's the info link for DevOps Day:
http://www.devopsdays.org/2010-us/programme/

Related materials:

Panel discussion from OpsCamp San Francisco (video):
http://dev2ops.org/blog/2010/5/18/panel-discussion-from-opscamp-san-francisco-video.html

and also:

Q&A: Ernest Mueller on bringing Agile to Operations:
http://dev2ops.org/blog/2010/4/27/qa-ernest-mueller-on-bringing-agile-to-operations.html

Next OpsCamps coming up:

OpsCamp Atlanta, Jun 19, 2010 http://opscamp-atlanta-2010.eventbrite.com/

OpsCamp Seattle - June 26, 2010 http://opscamp-seattle-2010.eventbrite.com/

Also noted for June:

DevOps Day USA conference on June 25, 2010 in Mountain View, CA http://www.devopsdays.org/2010-us/registration/

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Howard Dyckoff is a long term IT professional with primary experience at Fortune 100 and 200 firms. Before his IT career, he worked for Aviation Week and Space Technology magazine and before that used to edit SkyCom, a newsletter for astronomers and rocketeers. He hails from the Republic of Brooklyn [and Polytechnic Institute] and now, after several trips to Himalayan mountain tops, resides in the SF Bay Area with a large book collection and several pet rocks.

Pixie Chronicles: Part 3 PXE boot

By Henry Grebler

The Story So Far

In Part 1 I outlined my plans: to build a server using network install. However, I got sidetracked by problems. In Part 2 I made some progress and dealt with one of the problems. Now I'm going to detail what I did when I got it right.

Quick Overview

The task is to install Fedora 10 on a machine (the target machine) which will become a web and email server. I'm not going to use CDs; I'm going to install from a network. So, somewhere on the network, I need a machine to supply all the information normally supplied by CDs or a DVD.

How booting from a disk works

When a machine is (re)started, the BIOS takes control. Typically, a user configures the BIOS to try various devices in order (DVD/CD, Floppy, HDD). If there is no removable disk in any drive, the boot proceeds from the hard drive. The BIOS typically reads the first block from the hard drive into memory and executes the code it finds (typically GRUB). This leads to more reading and more executing.

How PXE works

When a machine using PXE is (re)started, it behaves like a DHCP client. It broadcasts a request on a NIC using the MAC address (aka Ethernet address) of the NIC as an identifier.

If the machine is recognised, the DHCP server sends a reply. For PXE, the reply contains the IP address and a file name (the PXE boot Linux kernel). The PXE client uses tftp to download the specified file into memory and execute it. This leads to more reading and more executing.

Get the software for the PXE server

You'll need tftp-server, DHCP, syslinux.

I was already running dnsmasq as a DHCP server, so I didn't need to install anything. There are many packages which can act as DHCP servers. If you are already running DHCP software, you should be able to use that.

I didn't have tftp. Getting it on a Fedora machine is just:

	yum install tftp-server

PXELINUX is part of the syslinux RPM (which came as part of my server's Fedora distribution), but it's also available on the installation images.

Configure DHCP

Since I was already running dnsmasq as a DHCP server, I just needed to add a couple of lines:

	dhcp-host=00:D0:B7:4E:31:1B,b2,192.168.0.60
	dhcp-boot=pxelinux.0

These lines say: if the host with MAC address 00:D0:B7:4E:31:1B asks, tell him his hostname is b2, he should use IP address 192.168.0.60 and tell him to boot the file pxelinux.0 (by implication, using tftp).

	NB I'm using a non-routable IP address from the subnet
	192.168.0/24 during the build of the server. Later,
	I will configure different IP addresses in preparation
	for using this server on a different subnet.

	NB Although I can specify a hostname here, in this case it
	acts merely as documentation because the install process will
	require that the name be specified again.

In other words, at this stage, these are interim values which may or may not be the same as final values.

Having made changes to the config file, I restart the DHCP server:

	/etc/rc.d/init.d/dnsmasq restart

Configure tftp

By default, tftp, which runs from xinetd, is turned off. Edit /etc/xinetd.d/tftp

	< disable = yes
	---
	> disable = no

Restart xinetd:

	/etc/rc.d/init.d/xinetd restart

If you examine /etc/xinetd.d/tftp, you will see that the default configuration wants to serve /tftpboot. I don't like to have such directories on my root partition, so I created /tftpboot as a symlink pointing to the directory which contained the requisite data.

	mkdir /Big/PXEBootServer/tftpboot
	ln -s /Big/PXEBootServer/tftpboot /

Note that the use of a symlink keeps the path short. There are limits; and it means there is less to type.

Either I wasn't thinking too clearly, or perhaps I was concerned that I might not be able to get the net install to work, because I downloaded 6 CD images instead of a single DVD. Knowing what I know now, if I had to do it over, I would download just the DVD image. (The old machine on which I want to install Fedora 10 only has a CD drive, not DVD.)

Populate /Big/PXEBootServer/tftpboot:

One of the CD images which comes with Fedora 10 is called Fedora-10-i386-netinst.iso; it has a copy of pxelinux.0 and some other needed files.

	mount -o loop -r /Big/downloads/Fedora-10-i386-netinst.iso /mnt2
	cp /mnt2/isolinux/vmlinuz /mnt2/isolinux/initrd.img /tftpboot
	cp /usr/lib/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /tftpboot

(Note: I could also have typed

	cp /usr/lib/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /Big/PXEBootServer/tftpboot

but using the symlink saves typing.)

Configure pxelinux

	mkdir /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg

What do we have so far?

	ls -lA /tftpboot/.
total 19316
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  17159894 Nov 20 11:50 initrd.img
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     13100 Feb  9  2006 pxelinux.0
drwxrwxr-x 3 root staff     4096 Nov 27 15:42 pxelinux.cfg
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   2567024 Nov 20 11:50 vmlinuz

	cd /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg

Most of the documentation says to create (touch) a whole stack of files, but I prefer to make just two: one called default as a backstop, and one with a name like 01-00-d0-b7-4e-31-1b. What is this?

Get the MAC address of the NIC to be used. This is nowhere near as easy as it sounds. My PC has 2 NICs. Which is the one to use? It's probably the one that corresponds to eth0. I discovered which one was eth0 by first booting into the Knoppix CD - a very good idea for all sorts of reasons (see Part 2). Once booted into Knoppix, ifconfig eth0 will give the MAC address. In my case it was 00:40:05:58:81:2F.

Now convert the colons to hyphens and upper- to lower-case:

        echo 00:D0:B7:4E:31:1B | tr ':A-Z' '-a-z'
00-d0-b7-4e-31-1b

The required filename is this string preceded by 01- ie 01-00-d0-b7-4e-31-1b.

• NB Many documents disagree with me. They indicate that the file name should be in upper-case. Possibly different PXE clients operate in different ways, but my PXE client explicitly looks for lower-case.
• The 01 represents "ARP type 1" ie Ethernet.
• See /usr/share/doc/syslinux-3.10/pxelinux.doc.

I chose to be very specific. I figured if the net install is successful, I can use the same technique for other target machines. To achieve that, each machine would be distinguished by its MAC address. Consequently, I did not think it was a good idea to use default for a specific machine. Rather, I configured default to contain generic parameters to handle the possible case of an as yet unconfigured machine performing a PXE boot. default would also handle the case where I got the MAC address wrong (for example while I was trying to figure if the other file should be in upper-case or lower-case). Of course, the PXE boot would behave incorrectly, but at least it would show that there was some life in the system.

Here are the contents of the /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default:

prompt 1
default linux
timeout 100

label linux
kernel vmlinuz
append initrd=initrd.img ramdisk_size=9216 noapic acpi=off

Readers familiar with GRUB or LILO will recognise this as a boot config file.

default is a generic config file. I could use it for the installation, but I'd have to type a lot of extra args at boot: time, for example

	boot: linux ks=nfs:192.168.0.3:/NFS/b2

To save typing and to provide me with documentation and an audit trail, I've tailored a config file specifically for my current server. And how better to tie it to the target machine than by the target machine's MAC address? (In the absence of user intervention, MAC addresses are unique.)

/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/01-00-d0-b7-4e-31-1b:

prompt 1
default lhd
timeout 100
display help.txt
f1 help.txt
f2 help.txt
f3 b2.cfg

# Boot from local disk (lhd = local hard drive)

label lhd
localboot 0

label linux
kernel vmlinuz
append initrd=initrd.img ramdisk_size=9216 noapic acpi=off

label b2
kernel vmlinuz
append initrd=initrd.img ramdisk_size=9216 noapic acpi=off ksdevice=eth0 ks=nfs:192.168.0.3:/NFS/b2

        NB It may look ugly, but the append line must be a single
        line. The kernel cannot handle any mechanism which attempts to
        split the text over more than one line.

See /usr/share/doc/syslinux-3.10/syslinux.doc for info on the items in the config file.

Please note that this is vastly different from the first file I used (the one that got me into trouble). By this stage, the config file has been refined to within an inch of its life.

Here are the little wrinkles that make this config file so much better:

default lhd
	tells the PXE client to use the entries under the label lhd
	by default

ksdevice=eth0
	forces the install to use eth0 and avoids having anaconda (the
	Linux installer) ask the user which interface to use

ks=nfs:192.168.0.3:/NFS/b2
	tells anaconda where to find the kickstart file

When the target machine is started, the PXE client will eventually come to a prompt which says

	boot:

If the user presses Enter, the machine will attempt to boot from the local hard drive. If the user does not respond within 10 seconds (timeout 100 has units of 1/10 of a second), the boot will continue with the default label (lhd). Alternatively, the user can enter linux (with or without arguments) for different behaviour. In truth, I used this label earlier in the development of this config file; I would lose little if I now removed this label.

If the user presses function-key 1 or function-key 2 , help is displayed. If the user presses function-key 3, the actual boot config file is displayed (on the PXE server b2.cfg is just a symlink pointing to /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/01-00-d0-b7-4e-31-1b). I added the f3 entry largely for debugging and understanding - there's nothing the user can do but choose menu options which are displayed by help.txt.

This completes this part of the exercise. This is the point at which you can try out the PXE process.

Try it out

Machines differ and I daresay PXEs differ. I will describe how my machine behaves and what to expect.

When turned on, my machine, a Compaq Deskpro EP/SB Series, announces its own Ethernet (aka MAC) address and that it is trying DHCP. The MAC address indicates which NIC is being used. This machine will present this MAC address to the DHCP server, which hopefully will respond with the offer of an IP address. It is also used at PXE boot time when searching the TFTP directory for its config file.

If the DHCP server responds, then a series of dots appear as my machine downloads the PXE boot Linux kernel. When the kernel is given control it announces itself with the prompt boot:.

If you get to this point, then the PXE server has been configured correctly, and the client and server are working harmoniously. In Part 4 I'll discuss the rest of the install.

It didn't work for me!

You might recall that in Part 1 Lessons from Mistakes I discussed this subject. I will also confess that the first few times I tried to get things going, I was not successful.

Here's what to do if things don't behave as expected.

	This terminology is misleading. As much as you might like
	things to work first time, if you're human, chances are they
	don't. Consequently, you should expect things to not work.
	(You can feel that you are batting better than average when
	they do work.)

Here's what to do when things go wrong. First, the target machine is in a very primitive state so it is not likely to be of much help. Since the process under investigation involves a dialogue between 2 machines, you would like to monitor the conversation (A said U1, then B said U2, then A said U3, ... ). Who was the last to speak? What did he say? What did I expect him to say?

Ideally, you would have a third machine on the same subnet as the 2 machines (the target machine and the PXE server). But that's unlikely, and adds very little. Clearly, the place to monitor the conversation is on the PXE server. Use tcpdump and tshark and/or ethereal).

As my notes from the exercise say,

	This gave me the opportunity to try and try, again and again,
	turning on tcpdump and tshark, and fiddling and fiddling until
	about the 15th time I got it right.

Here's the expected conversation:

PXE client	sends broadcast packet with its own MAC address
PXE server	sends BOOTP/DHCP reply

I see the above repeated another 3 times. Then,

PXE client	arp enquiry
PXE server	arp reply

The arp enquiry comes from an IP address (earlier packets have an IP address of 0.0.0.0), and confirms that the DHCP server has sent the client an IP address and that the client has used the value specified.

PXE client	sends a RRQ (tftp read request) specifying pxelinux.0
PXE server	sends the file

There should be many packets, large ones from the server (containing the file data); small (length 4) acks from the client.

PXE client	sends a RRQ specifying pxelinux.cfg/01-00-d0-b7-4e-31-1b

This is where you find out what exactly your PXE client is asking for.

I guess there are zillions of other ways that things could go wrong, but the above covers pretty much everything I can think of.

Here's a complete conversation:

12:03:06.208042 IP 0.0.0.0.68 > 255.255.255.255.67: BOOTP/DHCP, Request from 00:d0:b7:4e:31:1b, length: 548
12:03:06.243002 IP 192.168.0.3.67 > 255.255.255.255.68: BOOTP/DHCP, Reply, length: 300
12:03:07.192231 IP 0.0.0.0.68 > 255.255.255.255.67: BOOTP/DHCP, Request from 00:d0:b7:4e:31:1b, length: 548
12:03:07.192641 IP 192.168.0.3.67 > 255.255.255.255.68: BOOTP/DHCP, Reply, length: 300
12:03:09.169864 IP 0.0.0.0.68 > 255.255.255.255.67: BOOTP/DHCP, Request from 00:d0:b7:4e:31:1b, length: 548
12:03:09.170287 IP 192.168.0.3.67 > 255.255.255.255.68: BOOTP/DHCP, Reply, length: 300
12:03:13.125134 IP 0.0.0.0.68 > 255.255.255.255.67: BOOTP/DHCP, Request from 00:d0:b7:4e:31:1b, length: 548
12:03:13.142644 IP 192.168.0.3.67 > 255.255.255.255.68: BOOTP/DHCP, Reply, length: 300
12:03:13.143673 arp who-has 192.168.0.3 tell 192.168.0.60
12:03:13.143716 arp reply 192.168.0.3 is-at 00:01:6c:31:ec:77
12:03:13.143912 IP 192.168.0.60.2070 > 192.168.0.3.69:  27 RRQ "pxelinux.0" octet tsize 0 
12:03:13.261195 IP 192.168.0.3.34558 > 192.168.0.60.2070: UDP, length 14
12:03:13.261391 IP 192.168.0.60.2070 > 192.168.0.3.34558: UDP, length 17
12:03:13.261601 IP 192.168.0.60.2071 > 192.168.0.3.69:  32 RRQ "pxelinux.0" octet blksize 1456 
12:03:13.284171 IP 192.168.0.3.34558 > 192.168.0.60.2071: UDP, length 15
12:03:13.284367 IP 192.168.0.60.2071 > 192.168.0.3.34558: UDP, length 4
12:03:13.309059 IP 192.168.0.3.34558 > 192.168.0.60.2071: UDP, length 1460
12:03:13.310453 IP 192.168.0.60.2071 > 192.168.0.3.34558: UDP, length 4
12:03:13.333326 IP 192.168.0.3.34558 > 192.168.0.60.2071: UDP, length 1460
12:03:13.334717 IP 192.168.0.60.2071 > 192.168.0.3.34558: UDP, length 4
12:03:13.358162 IP 192.168.0.3.34558 > 192.168.0.60.2071: UDP, length 1460
12:03:13.359557 IP 192.168.0.60.2071 > 192.168.0.3.34558: UDP, length 4
12:03:13.381382 IP 192.168.0.3.34558 > 192.168.0.60.2071: UDP, length 1460
12:03:13.382769 IP 192.168.0.60.2071 > 192.168.0.3.34558: UDP, length 4
12:03:13.405583 IP 192.168.0.3.34558 > 192.168.0.60.2071: UDP, length 1460
12:03:13.406981 IP 192.168.0.60.2071 > 192.168.0.3.34558: UDP, length 4
12:03:13.430128 IP 192.168.0.3.34558 > 192.168.0.60.2071: UDP, length 1460
12:03:13.431518 IP 192.168.0.60.2071 > 192.168.0.3.34558: UDP, length 4
12:03:13.453394 IP 192.168.0.3.34558 > 192.168.0.60.2071: UDP, length 1460
12:03:13.454782 IP 192.168.0.60.2071 > 192.168.0.3.34558: UDP, length 4
12:03:13.478026 IP 192.168.0.3.34558 > 192.168.0.60.2071: UDP, length 1460
12:03:13.479420 IP 192.168.0.60.2071 > 192.168.0.3.34558: UDP, length 4
12:03:13.503527 IP 192.168.0.3.34558 > 192.168.0.60.2071: UDP, length 1456
12:03:13.504917 IP 192.168.0.60.2071 > 192.168.0.3.34558: UDP, length 4
12:03:13.517760 IP 192.168.0.60.57089 > 192.168.0.3.69:  63 RRQ "pxelinux.cfg/01-00-d0-b7-4e-31-1b" octet tsize 0 blks
12:03:13.544383 IP 192.168.0.3.34558 > 192.168.0.60.57089: UDP, length 25
12:03:13.544592 IP 192.168.0.60.57089 > 192.168.0.3.34558: UDP, length 4
12:03:13.584227 IP 192.168.0.3.34558 > 192.168.0.60.57089: UDP, length 373
12:03:13.584728 IP 192.168.0.60.57089 > 192.168.0.3.34558: UDP, length 4
12:03:13.584802 IP 192.168.0.60.57090 > 192.168.0.3.69:  38 RRQ "help.txt" octet tsize 0 blksize 1440 
12:03:13.615601 IP 192.168.0.3.34559 > 192.168.0.60.57090: UDP, length 25
12:03:13.615803 IP 192.168.0.60.57090 > 192.168.0.3.34559: UDP, length 4
12:03:13.639528 IP 192.168.0.3.34559 > 192.168.0.60.57090: UDP, length 368
12:03:13.640023 IP 192.168.0.60.57090 > 192.168.0.3.34559: UDP, length 4
12:03:18.259021 arp who-has 192.168.0.60 tell 192.168.0.3
12:03:18.259210 arp reply 192.168.0.60 is-at 00:d0:b7:4e:31:1b

The default is to boot from the local hard drive.

You can enter one of:

        lhd     (default) boot from local hard drive
        linux   (legacy) normal (ie manual) install
        b2      (hmg addition) kickstart install for b2
                ksdevice=eth0
                ks=nfs:192.168.0.3:/NFS/b2

        f3      display the current boot config file

	ls -lAt /tftpboot/.
total 19328
drwxrwxr-x 3 root   staff      4096 Dec 21  2008 pxelinux.cfg
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root   staff       364 Dec  7  2008 help.txt
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root   staff        33 Dec  7  2008 b2.cfg -> pxelinux.cfg/01-00-d0-b7-4e-31-1b
-rw-r--r-- 1 root   root   17159894 Nov 20  2008 initrd.img
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root   root    2567024 Nov 20  2008 vmlinuz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root   root      13100 Feb  9  2006 pxelinux.0

	ls -lAt /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/
total 24
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root   staff   369 Dec  7  2008 01-00-d0-b7-4e-31-1b
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root   staff   123 Nov 26  2008 default

http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/doc.html
http://fedoraproject.org/en/get-fedora
ftp://mirror.optus.net/fedora/linux/releases/10/Fedora/i386/iso/Fedora-10-i386*

References:

http://linux-sxs.org/internet_serving/pxeboot.html
http://www.stanford.edu/~alfw/PXE-Kickstart/PXE-Kickstart-6.html
http://syslinux.zytor.com/wiki/index.php/PXELINUX

http://docs.fedoraproject.org/release-notes/f10preview/en_US/What_is_New_for_Installation_and_Live_Images.html
fedora-install-guide-en_US/sn-automating-installation.html
http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2004/11/04/advanced_kickstart.html

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Maemo vs Android

By Jeff Hoogland

There is no doubt that Linux will be the dominant player in the mobile market by the end of 2010. This is largely thanks to Google's Android OS, which has been appearing on more handsets than I can count the past few months. Android is not the only mobile Linux operating system (however, it is easily the most popular) that exists. I have made more than a few posts about my Nokia N900, which is another mobile device that runs a variation of Linux known as Maemo.

I recently came into possession of an Android powered device of my own and I was curious to see what all the fuss was about. For the last week I have retired my N900 to the back seat and had my SIM card inserted in my Android powered Kaiser just to see how Google's mobile operating system handles itself in comparison to Maemo. I am going to compare and contrast the two on the following key points:

1. Hardware Selection - What hardware do you have for running the operating system on?
2. Computing - Does the OS function as you would expect a computer in 2010 to?
3. Phone - Both operating systems dial out, but which functions as a phone more efficiently?
4. Applications - Apps, apps, apps! How is the application selection on the OS?
5. Internet Usage - Our mobile devices are our connection to the WWW, which OS shines when surfing the web?

Hardware Selection -
There is no argument about this one, one of the most powerful things about Android is its ability to run on multitude of hand-helds (even hand-helds it wasn't initially intended for!). Big and small. Capacitive screen and resistive screen. Slide out keyboard, stationary keyboard, flipping keyboard, - heck even no keyboard at all! There is an Android device out there to suit just about everyone's needs.

Hardware Selection 10/10 - Android Total 10/10

Maemo on the other hand currently only resides on the N900. While the N900 is powerful, unique, and well made hardware there is not much choice in the matter if you would like a Maemo based hand-held. The N900 is it.

Hardware Selection 6/10 - Maemo Total 6/10

Computing -
Our hand-helds are getting more and more powerful. With each new release they become closer and close to being full blown computers - as such they require full blown operating systems. Since Android runs on a wide array of devices I do not think it would be fair to compare performance between the two operating systems (as your mileage will vary with your hardware), instead I am going to focus on the aspects of the GUI and how the operating system handles itself.

In general, Android looks and feels like a (smart) phone. Which isn't bad depending on what you are looking for. Personally I find multitasking on Android counterintuitive when compared to multitasking on a full-sized computer. I say this because when you press your "home" button to get back to your Android desktop the application you had open has to be reopened from its launcher icon or by a long press of the home key - not from a task bar/list of open applications like most operating systems have.

Android provides four desktop spaces on which you can place widgets/application launchers to your hearts content. Which is a good thing if you have a lot of applications on your Android device - because once you start to get a whole lot of them installed, they all get lumped together in your application selector, making it hard to navigate for the one you want. My only complaint about Android's work spaces is that you cannot loop from the desktop on the rightmost to the desktop on the leftmost, really a small thing but worth mentioning.

Speaking of widgets - I highly suggest you find one for toggling your device's WiFi on and off. If you do not have one of these you have to dig through three layers of settings menus to toggle it. Want to connect to a new access point? Three layers of menus again. I think something used as often as a WiFi connection should be more readily available for usage. Toggling your data connection on Android is just as annoying and you cannot even disable your data fully with a single switch. When you uncheck the "data connection" in the settings manager, you are informed that some applications might still use background data.To fully disable your 2g/3g - e.g., to save some battery juice - you need to crawl through each of your individual applications that might use background data and be sure they are off. Inconvenient to say the least. I am sure there is an application out there to fully toggle it off it with one button - but it is not included by default, and it should be.

There are just a few things about Android that really keep it from having that full computer feeling. For one thing, you have to "root" your device in order to have full control/access to the system. Second, among all the Android devices you can choose from, none of them have even a full gigabyte of internal storage. They all rely on MicroSD cards for storing media/files upon. Last, I have yet to find a terminal application I like. Namely because - and this may just be the key mappings on my device - I cannot recall past terminal commands with the up/down arrows or move back over to make an edit to a line with the left/right arrows.

Computing 7/10 - Android Total 8.5/10

Using Maemo on the other hand feels like you are holding a full computer in your hand. It's easy to keep track of multiple applications you have open on Maemo, because you can tap a single button to view/switch between all open applications at any given time. Similar to Android, Maemo also has four work spaces on which you can place widgets, application launchers, and contacts for quick access. Like a full Linux distro, however, Maemo's desktops allow you to flow one into the next, continuously in a loop. Maemo also allows you to easily edit the number of workspaces available.

Maemo also handles connecting to WiFi and data just like a desktop operating system would. Select "Internet Connection" from your system tray, and it scans for nearby WiFi networks as well as checking whether or not a data connection is available. It readily gives the user full control over whether or not a connection is active - something I appreciate.

While Maemo is not perfect it is easily the closest experience you will have to a full-blown operating system on a hand-held device.

Computing 9/10 - Maemo Total 7.5/10

Phone -
No matter how much these devices do and what software we cram into them - they are, at their core, still suppose to be phones.

The Android platform makes a great phone. It automatically syncs with all of your Google services to suck down your contacts, calender, and email from your Gmail account. While this is nice, there's one annoying thing you'll have to deal with right off the bat: organizing your Gmail contacts. If you are anything like me, most of them were un-named and just emails (no phone numbers) before you got your Android device. While it takes some time to enter all your information, it is not quite as painful as other phones because you can enter all the information on your computer and then sync it to your Android device.

The default text messaging application in Android is functional, but leaves something to be desired. Thankfully, there's a free application in the marketplace called "Handcent" that provides a wonderful SMS experience on Android. It has both a sleek GUI and a "quick reply" feature that make it a wonderful application. Android makes for a great phone, but there is definitely room for improvement.

Phone 8/10 - Android Total 8.3/10

The first thing you will notice about Maemo is that, other than the dialler application, none of the other "phone" feature applications have a portrait mode. Personally, I prefer this - but it may be a deal breaker for some. In contrast to Android, Maemo's default SMS program works well and looks great. Incoming SMSes are displayed as a short preview over whatever application you currently have open (without interrupting your work), a handy feature when you are in the middle of something. Notably lacking by default on Maemo, however, is MMS functionality. There is a community written application called "fMMS" that allows for the sending and receiving of pictures that works perfectly fine, but it does not currently support media clips.

One feature that truly sets Maemo apart from Android, and every other mobile phone out there currently, is that if you have a Skype account, it will fully integrate with your contacts. That is, if you have an active Internet connection when you want to call someone, you can choose to call them from your Skype account - meaning it does not use your mobile minutes. Also fully integrated in the well- designed SMS client is the ability to interface with Skype IM, AIM, Yahoo, Google, Facebook, etc. While Android has separate clients for these chat protocols, I like that Maemo has them all in one central location linked in with SMS.

Phone 8/10 - Maemo Total 7.7/10

Applications -
The applications make the device - without good software, an operating system is fairly useless.

Android has a large application market - currently over 30k apps - that is easily accessible from the "market place" link on your device. There are a good number of free applications in the market place; however, many of them are ad-supported. If that doesn't bother you, great! Personally, I dislike ads taking up my screen space. Most of the ad-supported applications do have an identical ad-free version for purchase. If you really like a certain application, then just pay the few dollars to enjoy it without the ads.

There are a lot good applications for Android - however I would really like to see some more quality truly free applications for it.

Applications 8/10 - Android Total 8.2/10

Maemo takes an interesting approach to applications. Accessible via the webrowser is the "Ovi store", an online source for free and paid applications made by developers. The Ovi Store offers easy one-click install through the browser and has some good applications both for purchase and free (none that I have found are ad-supported as of yet). The only problem with the Ovi store is that it currently only has maybe one hundred applications in it, slim picking compared to the Android market place.

The interesting part about Maemo - is that just like Ubuntu or other Linux distros it also has an "application manager" (powered by apt-get). Which, as part of its managing abilities, also contains repositories you can download free software from. Most of the applications found here are ports of open source favourites such as Abiword and Super-Tux, however some of them are new applications designed just for Maemo. The default repositories are sponsored/paid for by Nokia (the backing company for Maemo) and they are maintained by the community.

Once Maemo has had a year or two to fully mature and to allow the application market to expand it will be truly superb - but for now it can leave something to be desired at times.

Applications 7/10 - Maemo Total 7.5/10

Internet Usage -
Our hand-helds are oftentimes our main connection to the World Wide Web. As such, having a good Internet experience on a mobile operating system is a must if it is going to make it.

Android provides an average web surfing experience. The default browser is functional, but nothing spectacular. It renders all pages by default in their "mobile" version if it is offered, and for most people, that's more than enough. If you need something a little more powerful, Opera's Mobile browser is available in the market place - it renders pages quickly and I have yet to find a website it does not display properly. I find the GUI on Opera to be slightly cluttered however, so if the page loads in the default Android browser I tend to use it instead.

Where Android really shines on the web, however, is its Google Maps integration. Easily one of the best mapping systems on a hand-held device. If your hardware has a GPS it will be quickly detected and used to pin-point your current location. From there you can map your way with ease to your destination.

Internet Usage 8/10 - Android Total 8.2/10

I'm going to go out on a limb here and just say it: Maemo provides the best mobile browsing experience that currently exists. Its default web browser is quick and renders pages properly (including support for Flash 9.4). Don't care for the default browser for some reason? Maybe want something more robust or feature rich? Not a problem. Mozilla chose Maemo as the first platform to release their Firefox Mobile on. While it takes a bit longer to load than the default browser, once Firefox is running it works beautifully. It has full tab support, addons, and a download manager just like Firefox on the desktop.

Mapping on Maemo is not quite as flawless as using Google maps on Android, but it is functional. The default "maps" application made by Ovi works well with the GPS in the N900 and the routing feature provides a good number of options depending on what type of trip you are taking. If you do not care for the default mapping application, Google maps does run fairly well in Maemo's browser. It is not quite as fast as the maps application running on Android however.

I feel Maemo is currently unrivalled as a mobile internet operating system and if it had a slightly better mapping program I would give it a 10 out of 10.

Internet Usage 9/10 - Maemo Total 7.8/10

Final Scores - Android 8.2 & Maemo 7.8

Follow Up -
No operating system is perfect, Maemo and Android included. Which of the two operating systems is right for you? How should I know? Each has it advantages and disadvantages. From the final scores here, you may be inclined to believe that I consider Android as the better of the two - however, this is not the case. If you review all of the scores, the one thing that really brought Maemo down was that it is currently available on a single device. That is, if you are like myself and like the N900 hardware Maemo comes on, then that first score is pointless for you. It is hard to say where either of these operating systems will be a year from now with the rate technology advances (and who knows what is going to happen to Maemo with MeeGo lurking around the bend).

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Hacking RPMs with rpmrebuild, 2nd Edition

By Anderson Silva

A couple of years ago, I discovered a tool called rpmrebuild while searching for a way to reverse-engineer the files installed on an older Fedora system back into the original RPM package. Rpmrebuild is able to reconstruct an RPM by looking up the information about the RPM's content stored in the RPM database. If you want to rebuild an old RPM that is not easily available on the Internet anymore, or if you need to tweak packages for your organization's internal releases, or even if all you want to do is study and learn a bit more about RPM packaging, rpmrebuild is a great tool to have.

But rpmrebuild doesn't stop there; you can also modify actual RPM packages without needing access to its SRPMS or even knowing much about SPEC files. Although this may not be recommended when dealing with core/base Linux system RPMS, it is incredibly useful for developers, release engineers, and system administrators who need to create internal RPMs for their organizations.

To install rpmrebuild on Fedora:

yum install rpmrebuild

To rebuild an installed package in your system into an RPM:

rpmrebuild packagename

While rebuilding a package, rpmrebuild will let you know if files have been modified from their original state. If they have, it will give you the option to continue or halt the rebuilding of the package, and it will ask you if you want to change the release number of the package.

Example:

[root@carioca ~]# rpmrebuild httpd
result: /root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/httpd-2.2.15-1.fc13.x86_64.rpm

My favorite feature of rpmrebuild is the ability to modify its spec file on the fly. By that I mean that you can actually edit the spec of an existing RPM without having to rebuild from source. Why is this useful? Well, you can modify RPM package requirements, change logs, descriptions, and other fields in the spec without having to go through the entire build process again. It can save you a lot of time if you are in the business of building RPMs and don't use auto-builders like koji or buildbot.

Here how's it done:

rpmrebuild -e -p -n some_package.rpm

Where the parameters mean:

-e tells rpmrebuild you want to edit the whole spec file
-p is used because we are editing an actual RPM file
-n stops rpmrebuild from auto-testing your RPM, just in case you are building an RPM on a workstation that does not have all required RPMs for that package

Rpmrebuild also offers certain shortcuts and plugins. Below I will change the release number of an RPM file without having to open up its spec file. This is great for automating release numbering processes.

[root@carioca ~]# rpmrebuild --release=99 -p -n /root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/httpd-2.2.15-1.fc13.x86_64.rpm
result: /root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/httpd-2.2.15-99.x86_64.rpm

Notice that the httpd package went from release #1 to #99. Why would this be helpful?

Well, as an example, it is common practice for release engineers to have a "back out" strategy in case a release does not meet requirements during installation. With rpmrebuild, the version and release numbers of an RPM that may be replaced by a new one can be tweaked so that in case there is a failure and the "back out" RPM is needed, the release engineers can simply install the back out RPMs over the new RPMs. Then the back out RPMs will have higher version and/or release numbers on them, so a tool like up2date or yum can automatically pick up on the changes.

Not recommended to the same degree, but still useful for your organization's internal applications - you can modify the version number of an RPM as well:

rpmrebuild --change-spec-preamble='sed -e "s/^Version:.*/Version:1\.3\.1\.0\.1/"' --release=99 -p -n some-package-1.3.1-11.noarch.rpm

This command will rebuild your RPM and produce some-package-1.3.1.0.1-99.noarch.rpm.

Some other things to keep in mind about rpmrebuild are:

1. Once an RPM is rebuilt, it will lose its original signature (if signed).
2. You need to be root to rebuild a package only if there are root-protected files in that package.
3. Rpmrebuild will respect your RPM "home" building location, so if you have .rpmmacros set up in your home dir, your rebuilt RPMs will show up there.

The authors of rpmrebuild, Eric Gerbier and Valery Reznic, point out that even though the newer versions of RPM have a repackage option, they still require the user to uninstall that package from their system, which sometimes is not all that easy because of the dependencies on that package.

After finding this tool, and using it several times at my job, I took it upon myself to 'officially' package rpmrebuild into an RPM and make it part of the standard Fedora distribution. It's been available under Fedora since Fedora 7, and under EPEL for RHEL/CentOS systems as well.

The first edition of this article was originally published by Red Hat Magazine on December 4th, 2007.

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